Kaph

← Yodh Kaph Lamedh →
Phoenician Hebrew כ,ך Aramaic Syriac ܟܟ Arabic ك‍,ك
Phonemic representation	k, x
Position in alphabet	11
Numerical value	20
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
Greek Κ Latin K Cyrillic К

Kaph (also spelled kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads (consonantal alphabets), including Phoenician, Aramaic, Arabic Kāf ك (in Abjadi order), and Hebrew Kaf כ.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek kappa (Κ), Latin K, and Cyrillic К.

Origin of kaph

Kaph is thought to have been derived from a pictogram of a hand (in both modern Arabic and modern Hebrew, kaph means palm/grip).

Hebrew kaf

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
כ	כ	כ

Hebrew spelling: כָּף

Hebrew pronunciation

Main article: Modern Hebrew phonology

The letter kaf is one of the six letters which can receive a dagesh kal. The other five are bet, gimel, daleth, pe, and tav (see Hebrew Alphabet for more about these letters).

There are two orthographic variants of this letter which alter the pronunciation:

Name	Symbol	IPA	Transliteration	Example
Kaf	כּ	[k]	k	kangaroo
Chaf	כ	[χ] or [x]	ch or kh	loch

Kaph with the dagesh

When the kaph has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless velar plosive ([k]). There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.

Kaph without the dagesh (chaph)

When this letter appears as כ without the dagesh ("dot") in its center it represents [χ], like the ch in German "Bach".

In modern Israeli Hebrew the sound value of chaph is the same as that of heth, but many communities have differentiated between them.

Final form of kaf

Orthographic variants
Various Print Fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Standard	Sans-serif	Serif
ך	ך	ך

If the letter is at the end of a word the symbol is drawn differently. However, it does not change the pronunciation or transliteration in any way. The name for the letter is final kaf (Kaf Sofit). Four additional Hebrew letters take final forms: tsadi, mem, nun, and pei. Kaf/khaf is the only Hebrew letter that can take a vowel in its word-final form which is pronounced after the consonant, that vowel being the qamatz.

Name	Alternate Name	Symbol
Final Kaf	Kaf Sofit	ךּ
Final Chaf	Chaf Sofit	ך

Significance of kaph in Hebrew

In gematria, kaph represents the number 20. Its final form represents 500, but this is rarely used, tav and qoph (400+100) being used instead.

As a prefix, kaph is a preposition:

• It can mean "like" or "as". This is an abbreviation of כמו, kmo (like/as)
• In colloquial Hebrew, kaph and shin together have the meaning of "when". This is a contraction of כאשר, ka'asher (when).

Arabic kāf

The letter is named kāf, and it is written in several ways depending on its position in the word (these are the standard letter forms used for the western variants of the Arabic language):

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form:	ك‎	ـك‎	ـكـ‎	كـ‎

It also has a long variant form, which is not distinguished in the Arabic language, but may be seen more frequently in other languages than Arabic (and it is used consistently for the Sindhi language, see below):

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form:	ڪ‎	ـڪ‎	ـڪـ‎	ڪـ‎

Kaf is almost universally pronounced as the voiceless velar plosive /k/, but in rural Palestinian, Iraqi, Kuwaiti and Gulf Arabic in general, it is sometimes pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ].

Use in literary Arabic

In literary Arabic, kaf is used as a prefix meaning "like", "as", or "as though". For example, كَطَائِر (/katˤaːʔir/), meaning "like a bird" or "as though a bird" (as in Hebrew, above). The prefix كَـ ka is one of the Arabic words for "like" or "as" (the other, مِثْل /miθl/, is unrelated). The /ka/ prefix sometimes has been added to other words to create fixed constructions. For instance, it is prefixed to ﺫَلِك /ðaːlik/ "this, that" to form the fixed word كَذَلِك /kaðaːlik/ "like so, likewise."

Kaf is used as a possessive suffix for second-person singular nouns (feminine taking kāf-kasrah كِ, /ki/ and masculine kāf-fatḥah كَ /ka/); for instance, كِتَاب kitāb ("book") becomes كِتَابُكَ kitābuka ("your book", where the person spoken to is masculine) كِتَابُكِ kitābuki ("your book", where the person spoken to is feminine). At the ends of sentences and often in conversation the final vowel is suppressed, and thus كِتَابُك kitābuk ("your book"). In several varieties of vernacular Arabic, however, the kaf with no harakat is the standard second-person possessive, with the literary Arabic harakah shifted to the letter before the kaf: thus masculine "your book" in these varieties is كِتَابَك kitābak and feminine "your book" كِتَابِك kitābik.

Persian alphabet
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی
Perso-Arabic script
Transliteration Diacritics Hamza Numerals Numeration

Persian and Urdu kaph

In the Persian alphabet and the Urdu alphabet, kaph has slightly different isolated or final forms from the Mashriqi Arabic (ک as opposed to ك) and thus takes a different codepoint in Unicode. But it uses the same final form as the Maghrebi-style Arabic. These simplified forms are shown here:

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form:	ک‎	ـک‎	ـکـ‎	کـ‎

In addition, these variants are used distinctly in the Sindhi language as separate letters, to differentiate khē (using the simplified forms) from kāf (written in Sindhi with the long variant form shown in the subsection above).

Character encodings

Character	כ		ך		ك		ک		ܟ
Unicode name	HEBREW LETTER KAF		HEBREW LETTER FINAL KAF		ARABIC LETTER KAF/CAF		ARABIC LETTER KEHEH		SYRIAC LETTER KAPH
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	1499	U+05DB	1498	U+05DA	1603	U+0643	1705	U+06A9	1823	U+071F
UTF-8	215 155	D7 9B	215 154	D7 9A	217 131	D9 83	218 169	DA A9	220 159	DC 9F
Numeric character reference	כ	כ	ך	ך	ك	ك	ک	ک	ܟ	ܟ

Character	ࠊ		𐎋		𐡊		𐤊
Unicode name	SAMARITAN LETTER KAAF		UGARITIC LETTER KAF		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER KAPH		PHOENICIAN LETTER KAF
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	2058	U+080A	66443	U+1038B	67658	U+1084A	67850	U+1090A
UTF-8	224 160 138	E0 A0 8A	240 144 142 139	F0 90 8E 8B	240 144 161 138	F0 90 A1 8A	240 144 164 138	F0 90 A4 8A
UTF-16	2058	080A	55296 57227	D800 DF8B	55298 56394	D802 DC4A	55298 56586	D802 DD0A
Numeric character reference	ࠊ	ࠊ	𐎋	𐎋	𐡊	𐡊	𐤊	𐤊

See also

• Gaf
• Ngaph
• Ka (Indic)
• Ca (Indic)