Commons:许可协议

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Shortcut: COM:L

For 特定国家的授权规定, see Commons:Copyright rules by territory.

此页将给予非法律专业人士提供基于实际案例下的版权法的描述，目的在于帮助上传者来决定图像或媒体文件是否能被共享资源接受。如果您是名正在寻找如何使用共享资源信息的再使用者，请参见 Commons:Reusing content outside Wikimedia。 维基共享资源只能接受自由版权内容，即，图像和其它媒体文件不会因为受到某些版权限制，从而阻碍任何人，在任何时间，以任何目的去使用它。尽管如此，某些非版权因素仍可能限制其使用，关于此请参见 Commons:Non-copyright restrictions，在此情况下许可可能会需要采取一些特殊措施。更进一步，某文件的版权可能在某一国家已到期，而在另一国家仍未过期。其中的某些细节将在下文中说明。维基共享资源会努力确保类似的限制已在文件描述页中被说明，然而，再使用者也有责任去确认您所使用的媒体符合许可，且没有违反任何法律。 维基共享资源只能接受如下文件： 已被明确地标明为自由版权的文件，或 至少在美利坚合众国及此文件的作成国内被认定为公有领域的文件。 维基共享资源并不接受以合理使用为理由上传的文件。请参阅 Commons:fair use。以「仅非商业使用」协议释出的文件同样不能被接受。 图像或媒体文件的许可信息必须在文件描述页用版权标签加以清晰的说明。许可所要求的所有信息必须提供于描述页。描述页上所提供的信息应当足以让其他用户验证此文件的许可状态。这些情报最好能在上传时就被填写于上传表单的摘要栏中。 要取得著作权人的许可，请使用邮件模板。

这是快速但不完全准确的介绍

可接受的许可协议

版权许可是一个正式的许可，用来表明谁可以使用受版权保护的作品，以及他们应该如何使用这个作品。许可只能由版权持有者授予，通常为作者（拍摄者、绘者或类似的人物）。

此漫画解释了为何共享资源不能接受「非商业性」的许可。单击以查看完整大小。

在共享资源上，所有受版权保护的作品（非公有领域）必须以自由版权协议发布，这将不可撤销地允许任何人以任何目的来使用这个作品。单纯地标注上「此作品可以让任何人使用」或类似的语句是不够的。具体地讲，许可必须符合以下条件：

• 您必须允许再创作和再分发此文件。
• 您必须允许公开由其衍生的作品。
• 您必须允许商业使用。
• 许可必须永久有效（无过期时间）及不可撤回。

• 您可以要求注明此作品的所有贡献者。
• 您可以要求用同样的协议公开由其衍生的作品。
• 有关数字发行，您可以要求使用不受数字限制管理（DRM）的开放格式。

某些时候，作者希望将低品质或低分辨率版本的作品在自由版权协议下发布，将高质量的作品用以更严格的条款。这种分发行为目前还不明确是否具有法律效力，但根据共享资源的方针，我们将尊重版权持有者的意愿，仅保留低质量版本。

以下限制不能被应用到图像或其它媒体文件：

• 仅在维基媒体计划中使用。
• 仅非商业/教育目的使用。
• 合理使用。
• 在使用作品时（无论是一部分作品还是全部的），需要通知创建者。

例如，下列情形通常来说不能接受：

• 对并非以自由版权协议发布的软件的截图。然而，对以 GPL 或类似的自由软件协议发布的软件的截图大体上来说没有问题。对此请参阅 Commons:Screenshots。
• 电视、DVD、电子游戏截图。请参阅 Commons:Screenshots。
• 对版权作品的扫描或临摹。特别是书籍封面、专辑封面、CD 封面等等。请参阅 Commons:Derivative works。
• 受版权保护的标志或符号等。（请注意不要与商标相混淆。）
• 模型、面具、玩具及其它代表了版权作品的物品，例如动画或电影人物（而不是某演员本人、与具体角色无关的图片）。请参阅 Commons:Derivative works。

共享资源也接受未被版权保护的作品（如，属于公有领域的作品）。请参阅关于公有领域的小节。

关于使用此许可协议方针的理由，请见 Commons:Licensing/Justifications。

多重许可协议

此漫画展示了包含 Creative Commons 协议的实用性。单击以查看完整大小。

在公共场所拍摄的自由的「自作画像」。被作者以 GFDL 及 CC-BY-SA 双重协议发布（见描述页）

只要您喜欢，您可以提供尽可能多的许可，但至少其中一个需要符合上述的自由版权协议的要求。例如，以「非商业使用」许可释出的文件，仅当其同时以允许商业使用的自由版权协议释出时，才能够被接受。

附加一个比较严格的许可可能会更加兼容于其它计划的版权方案；再者，多许可可以让衍生作品的创作者选择以较为严格的许可发布此衍生作品。也就是说，这会让衍生作品创作者有更多的空间来选择要使用哪个版权许可。请参阅 Commons:Multi-licensing。

知名的许可协议

我们推荐您在上传时选择以下知名的协议：

• Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenses
• GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)
• GNU General Public License (GPL) / GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
• Free Art License/Licence Art Libre (FAL/LAL)
• Open Data Commons，对于内容和数据库本体均为自由版权，或者本体与其内容不可分割的数据库用 [1]。

再提醒一遍，公有领域的作品也可以被接受（见下）。更多的许可请参阅 Commons:Copyright tags。

注意：GFDL 并不适合用于照片及短文，特别是印刷媒体，因为协议要求在发布时必须将此协议全文一并发布。因此，最好将作品以双重许可形式，将 GFDL 协议与某个可以简单使用的协议——如 Creative Commons 协议——一并发布。另外，如果可能，请尽量不要把 GPL 和 LGPL 协议作为作品的唯一协议，因为它们并不太适合于软件以外的作品。

无法附加一个符合自由文化作品定义的协议的作品绝对不能上传至共享资源。参见维基媒体基金会关于版权协议的董事会决议以获取更多信息。

以下列出了一些在网上较为常见，但不能用于共享资源的协议：

• Creative Commons 非商业性使用（-NC）协议
• Creative Commons 禁止演绎（-ND）协议
• 「合理使用」、「公平处理」或其它类似的法律例外（理由见下）

对于有多重许可协议的作品，如其中至少一项许可协议符合维基共享资源的要求，则该作品可上传至共享资源。

许可协议信息

一幅记载了足够详细信息的示例图片（见图片页面）

所有于共享资源上的作品，其描述页必须明确指出此作品是以何种协议发表，及附带上此种协议所必需的信息（如创作者）。另外，即使版权协议或著作权法没有要求，文件描述页也应该提供足够的附加信息以让其他人验证此文件的版权状态。

特别的，下列信息必须在描述页提供，无论协议是否有要求：

• 文件所使用的版权协议。这应该用一个版权标签加以声明。
• 文件的来源。如果上传者就是创作者，则应该明确地指出这一点（如：「由上传者制作」、「自作」、「自己的作品」等）。否则，请尽可能地填入文件出处的超链接或书目信息。请注意：像是「转载自维基百科」等字样，除了此文件确实是在维基百科上首次发表之外，是不会被当成一个有效的来源的。请填入文件的原始出处。
• 图片或媒体文件的创作者。对于因版权过期而被认为处于公有领域内的媒体文件，作者的死亡日期至关重要（见关于公有领域作品的小节）。表明上传者为版权持有者的通用版权模板（如{{PD-self}}）不能替代此要求。唯一的例外是当作者希望保持匿名，又或者因为某些原因导致作者不明，但又有足够的信息表明此作品确实属于公有领域（例如作品的作成日或者发表日）。

虽然没有那么重要，但以下信息应尽可能提供：

• 图像或媒体文件的说明。如这是什么，又或者这是如何作成的。
• 作成时的日期和地点。对于因版权过期而被认为处于公有领域内的媒体文件，文件的作成日期可能至关重要（见关于公有领域作品的小节）。

这些信息最好用信息模板加以说明。关于使用方法，请参见 Commons:First steps/Quality and description。

许可的范围

In some cases, a document (media file) may have multiple aspects that can and have to be licensed: Every person that contributed a critical part of the work has rights to the results, and all have to make their contribution available under a free license—see derivative work. However, the distinctions are unclear and may differ from country to country. Here are a few examples to clarify:

• 对于音乐录音，必须考虑到以下要素，且每个要素必须是以自由版权协议或公有领域释出：
  • 乐谱（作曲家的权利）
  • 歌词（作词家的权利）
  • 演出（演奏家的权利）
  • 录音（录音师或录音公司的权利）

• 对于艺术作品（包括书籍封面或类似物品），类似地：
  • 原作品的作者拥有任何再创作和衍生作品的权利。
  • 若某个画像不是对某物的完全再现，则摄影师拥有此画像的权利。

• 对于某建筑物的画像，若此建筑物拥有某些独创的特性，则设计师可能持有某些权利。请参阅 Commons:Freedom of panorama。

如果某艺术作品并不是某个图像的主要内容，又或者该艺术作品不能被清晰地辨识，这会导致版权关系变得复杂。在此情况下，通常认为图像的创作者持有此版权。举个栗子，当在博物馆内对某群人拍照时，照片通常会包含馆内的艺术作品。在此情况下那些艺术作品的版权问题并不需要被列入考量。然而此种区分方式并不是很明晰。Commons:De minimis 方针含有更多的相关内容。

Note that the license for all aspects has to be determined and mentioned explicitly. Also note that reproductions usually may not be copyrighted; the creator of an image of a picture owns no copyright to the resulting digital image. The only relevant copyright is that of the original picture. This also applies to Screenshots.

公有领域的作品

以CC-0或类似的许可协议发布的作品被视作与公有领域作品相同；缺乏原创性的作品和法令条文亦属于公有领域；全世界的部分政府，包括美国联邦政府、加利福尼亚州政府和佛罗里达州政府，将其大部分公开文档发布在公有领域；英文维基百科中关于公有领域文档的指引中有更详细的描述介绍了诸多例外情况。

Commons accepts material that is in the public domain, that is, documents allowed by the above exception, or that are not eligible to copyright, or for which the copyright has expired. But the "public domain" is complicated; copyright laws vary between countries, and thus a work may be in the public domain in one country, but still be copyrighted in another country. There are international treaties such as the Berne Convention that set some minimum standards, but individual countries are free to go beyond these minimums. A general rule of thumb is that if the creator of a work has been deceased for more than 70 years, their works are in the public domain in the country the creator was a citizen of and in the country where the work was first published. If the work is anonymous or a collaborative work (e.g. an encyclopedia), it is typically in the public domain 70 years after the date of the first publication.

许多国家采用70年的版权条款。但须注意其中不包括美国。由于历史原因，美国的版权条款更复杂。在美国，版权期限的一般规定如下：

• 对于1978年及之后首次出版的作品：截至作者逝世后70年。佚名作品或雇佣作品：首次出版后95年或创作后120年，版权截至这二者中的较短期限
• 对于1978年之前首次出版的作品：截至首次出版后95年
• 对于1964年之前首次出版的作品，版权期限截至出版后28年（目前一般已超过期限），除非版权拥有者申请续期（续期须在出版后第27年和第28年提出）则版权期限延长至首次出版后95年。1964年之前出版的绝大多数作品已经超过版权期限，但仍必须确认版权持有者未续期（可在美国版权局在线检索中查询到1951年之后的作品）。
• 1923年之前出版的作品已进入公有领域。

对于1978年之前创作但在1978年及之后才出版的作品有特殊规定。这些条款在美国对外国作品同样适用。

However, the year and location of publication is essential. In several countries, material published before a certain year is in the public domain. In the U.S. this date is January 1, 1923. In some countries, all government-published material is public domain, while in others governments claim some copyright (see Commons:Copyright rules by territory).

In the US, the copyright situation for sound recordings (including those published before 1923) is a complicated special case. Recordings fixed prior to February 15, 1972 may be copyrighted under common law and/or state laws which do not always have the same formalities and limitations as US federal copyright. More details are available at the {{PD-US-record}} talk page and this Wikilegal report.

In some jurisdictions (like the United States), one can also explicitly donate work one has created oneself to the public domain. In other places (like the European Union) this is technically not possible; instead, one can grant the right to use the picture freely with, for example, the Creative Commons Zero Waiver, which waives all rights granted by copyright, but the waiver might not be legally binding in the full extent of what is normally understood as “public domain” (e.g. regarding authors' moral rights).

The Hirtle chart is a tool for helping to determine if something is in the public domain in the United States. Commons:International copyright quick reference guide helps to determine if a work first published outside the United States can be uploaded.

Interaction of US and non-US copyright law

Every faithful reproduction of Mona Lisa is considered by Commons to be public domain. See "Exception" in text for details.

Commons is an international project, but its servers are located in the U.S., and its content should be maximally reusable. Uploads of non-U.S. works are normally allowed only if the work is either in the public domain or covered by a valid free license in both the U.S. and the country of origin of the work. The "country of origin" of a work is generally the country where the work was first published.

When uploading material from a country outside the U.S., the copyright laws of that country and the U.S. normally apply. If material that has been saved from a third-party website is uploaded to Commons, the copyright laws of the U.S., the country of residence of the uploader, and the country of location of the web servers of the website apply. Thus, any licence to use the material should apply in all relevant jurisdictions; if the material is in the public domain, it must normally be in the public domain in all these jurisdictions (plus in the country of origin of the work) for it to be allowable on Commons.

For example, if a person in the UK uploads a picture that has been saved off a French website to the Commons server, the upload must be covered by UK, French and US copyright law. For a photograph to be acceptable for upload to Commons, it must be public domain in France, the UK and the US, or there must be an acceptable copyright license for the photograph that covers the UK, US and France.

Exception: Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional works of art, such as paintings, which are in the public domain are an exception to this rule. In July 2008, following a statement clarifying WMF policy, Commons voted to the effect that all such photographs are accepted as public domain regardless of country of origin, and tagged with a warning. For details, see Commons:Policy on photographs of old pictures.

Uruguay Round Agreements Act

Main page: Commons:URAA-restored copyrights

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act or URAA is a US law that restored copyrights in the U.S. on foreign works if that work was still copyrighted in the foreign source country on the URAA date. This URAA date was January 1, 1996 for most countries. This means that foreign works became copyrighted in the U.S. even if they had been in the public domain in the U.S. before the URAA date. See also Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights.

Because the constitutionality of this law was challenged in court, Commons initially permitted users to upload images that would have been public domain in the U.S. but for the URAA. However, the constitutionality of the URAA was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Golan v. Holder. After discussion, it was determined that the affected files would not be deleted en masse but reviewed individually. There was further discussion about the best method for review of affected files, resulting in the creation of Commons:WikiProject Public Domain.

Files affected by the URAA should be tagged with {{Not-PD-US-URAA}}.

Files nominated for deletion due to the URAA should be evaluated carefully, as should be their copyright status under US and local laws. A mere allegation that the URAA applies to a file cannot be the sole reason for deletion. If the end result of copyright evaluation is that there is significant doubt about the freedom of a file under US or local law, the file must be deleted in line with the precautionary principle.

维基共享资源不允许「合理使用」

维基共享资源不接受依据合理使用条款而使用的内容。参见Commons:Fair use.

衍生作品

This montage is an example of a derivative work. It combines various preexisting images that were released under the GFDL and other compatible free content licenses.

You want a picture of Mickey Mouse, but of course you can't just scan it in. Why not take a picture of a little action figure and then upload it? Don't. The reason why you can't upload photographs of such figures is that they are considered as derivative works. Such works can't be published without permission of the original creator.

The US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101, says: "A derivative work is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a “derivative work”." A photograph of a copyrighted item is considered a derivative work in US jurisdiction. US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 106: "(...) The owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following: (...) (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;"

Therefore, "unauthorized" derivative works, like photographs of copyrighted action figures, toys, etc., must be deleted. For more information, see Commons:Derivative works.

Exception: So-called useful articles - objects with an intrinsic utilitarian function, even if commercial designs, are not subject to copyright protection in the US. Consequently, images thereof are not w:derivative works under US law. For details and applicability of this exception, see the Supreme Court’s decision in W:Mazer v. Stein, and {{Useful-object-US}}.

简单的设计

微软的Logo – {{PD-textlogo}}

Regarding trademarks (see also Commons:Image casebook#Trademarks): Most commercial items and products are protected by intellectual property laws in one way or another, but copyright is only one such protection. It is important to make the distinction between copyright, trademarks, and patents. Wikimedia Commons generally only enforces copyright restrictions, for these reasons:

1. Almost anything can be trademarked, and it wouldn't make sense to forbid everything.
2. Trademarks and industrial designs restrictions are pertinent to industrial reproduction, but photographs of such items can otherwise be freely reproduced.

→ For these reasons Commons accepts any trademark whose copyright has expired. Moreover, Commons accepts images of text in a general typeface and of simple geometric shapes, even if it happens to be a recent trademarked logo, on the grounds that such an image is not sufficiently creative to attract copyright protection. Such images should be tagged with {{PD-ineligible}} or one of the list of more specific tags for this kind of works (e.g. {{PD-textlogo}} for simple logos).

Raster renderings (i.e. PNG images) of uncopyrighted simple designs can themselves be regarded as being uncopyrighted. For vector images (i.e. SVG files) of uncopyrighted simple designs, the question as to whether the vector representation has its own copyright is less clear; see the English Wikipedia copyright information about fonts and the {{PD-textlogo}} talk page for more information.

It is often very difficult to determine whether a design is protected by copyright or not, and images of these sorts are frequently nominated for deletion, with various results. See Commons:Threshold of originality and/or “Threshold of originality” (in Wikipedia) for some guidance.

字体

The raster rendering of a font (or typeface) is not subject to copyright in the U.S., and therefore is in the public domain. It may be copyrighted in other countries (see intellectual property of typefaces on Wikipedia). You should use {{PD-font}} in this case.

版权规则

一些适用何种版权的规则指引可以在下列地方找到

• Commons:Copyright rules by territory
• Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter (formerly Commons:Image casebook)
  • Commons:Currency
  • Commons:Stamps/Public domain

另见

• Commons:Derivative works
  • Commons:Freedom of panorama
  • Commons:De minimis
  • Commons:Threshold of originality

另见

• 版权标签
• 维基百科的版权 FAQ
• Help:公有领域
• Open Content - A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licences（另提供PDF，ISBN 978-3-940785-57-2）
• Stock.xchng 政策
• Commons:WikiProject Permission requests
• Commons:选择版权许可

外部链接

Collections of laws:

• UNESCO collection of copyright laws.
• WIPO Lex.
• CERLALC: Copyright laws of Latin America, the Caribbean states, and Spain and Portugal.
• CIPR: Copyright laws of the CIS nations and the three Baltic states.
• ECAP: Copyright laws of ASEAN countries.
• EuroMed Audiovisual II EU programme; has recent copyright laws of some mediterranean states (from Morocco to Turkey).

Copyright treaties:

• Berne Convention.
• WIPO Copyright treaty.
• EU Council Directive 93/98/EEC on the harmonization of copyright terms in the EU.

Other:

• Circular 38a: International Copyright Relations of the United States, from the U.S. Copyright Office. (A bit dated, some countries are missing.)
• Circular 38b: Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA, from the U.S. Copyright Office.
• 17 USC 104A: Copyright restorations in the U.S. due to the URAA
• Copyright in the USA